{"id":339,"date":"2016-10-04T19:33:18","date_gmt":"2016-10-04T19:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beibira.sk\/?p=339"},"modified":"2016-10-05T09:36:12","modified_gmt":"2016-10-05T09:36:12","slug":"svorka-svorkove-zviera-struktura-svorky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/2016\/10\/04\/svorka-svorkove-zviera-struktura-svorky\/","title":{"rendered":"Svorka, svorkov\u00e9 zviera, \u0161trukt\u00fara svorky"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"p1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>AKO TO FUNGUJE V PR\u00cdRODE<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>Svorka <\/b><\/span>je skupina zvierat, ktor\u00e9 sa dr\u017eia z\u00a0r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov spolu. Medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi svorky b\u00fdva siln\u00e9 puto a\u00a0hierarchia. Cudzinci, hoci aj rovnak\u00e9ho druhu, neb\u00fdvaj\u00fa do svorky prijat\u00ed automaticky, prijatiu predch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ritu\u00e1ly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>Svorkov\u00e9 zviera <\/b><\/span>je zviera, ktor\u00e9 \u017eije v\u00a0\u0161trukturovanej skupine pr\u00edsu\u0161n\u00edkov rovnak\u00e9ho druhu. Okrem <i>svorkov\u00fdch zvierat<\/i> v\u00a0pr\u00edrode e\u0161te rozli\u0161ujeme zvierat\u00e1 typu <i>osamel\u00fd lovec<\/i> a <i>pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk malej rodinnej skupiny<\/i>.<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Pr\u00edkladom na <span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>osamel\u00e9ho lovca<\/b><\/span> je <i>l\u00ed\u0161ka<\/i>. Len samice staraj\u00face sa o\u00a0ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1 ob\u010das vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa do\u010dasn\u00e9 komunity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>\u0160akaly <\/i>\u017eij\u00fa v\u00a0<span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>mal\u00fdch rodinn\u00fdch spolo\u010denstv\u00e1ch<\/b><\/span>, ktor\u00e9 tvor\u00ed samec, samica, t\u00ed \u017eij\u00fa v\u00a0p\u00e1re po cel\u00fd \u017eivot, a ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1, pr\u00edpadne ml\u00e1\u010fa z\u00a0predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho vrhu, ktor\u00e9 pom\u00e1ha so starostlivos\u0165ou o\u00a0mlad\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>Vlky, hyeny<\/i> a\u00a0<i>dingovia<\/i> s\u00fa psovit\u00e9 \u0161elmy, ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa <span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>ve\u013ek\u00e9 svorky<\/b><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Sp\u00f4sob \u017eivota jednotli\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161nych druhov je geneticky dan\u00fd, ink povedan\u00e9 vroden\u00fd. Niektor\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 sa museli prostrediu a\u00a0podmienkam prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 v\u00a0z\u00e1ujme pre\u017eitia tak, \u017ee spolupracovali pri zh\u00e1\u0148an\u00ed potravy \u010di obrane terit\u00f3ria. Tie jedince, ktor\u00e9 pre\u017eili, sa mohli \u010falej p\u00e1ri\u0165 a\u00a0ich g\u00e9ny, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch boli zak\u00f3dovn\u00e9 vlohy pre spolupr\u00e1cu, sa \u0161\u00edrili a\u00a0upev\u0148ovali v\u00a0popul\u00e1cii. U\u00a0spolupracuj\u00facich zvierat sa vyvinuli ist\u00e9 charakteristiky, ako je schopnos\u0165\u00a0<span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>komunikova\u0165<\/b> <\/span>a\u00a0rie\u0161i\u0165 <span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>konflikty<\/b><\/span> bezpe\u010dn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">\u017divot vo svorke pon\u00faka viacer\u00e9 vyhody pre vlky, ale aj pre pr\u00edrodu:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s2\">mo\u017enos\u0165 nap\u00e1da\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie zvierat\u00e1, lov je efekt\u00edvnej\u0161\u00ed,<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s2\">ochrana a\u00a0v\u00fdchova ml\u00e1\u010fat (ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1 sa u\u010dia lovi\u0165, ale u\u010dia sa aj z\u00e1konom svorky),<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s2\">t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa rozmno\u017euje len dvojica alfa, zabra\u0148uje sa premno\u017eeniu, neost\u00e1vaj\u00fa zvy\u0161ky potravy.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s3\"><b>SVORKA<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>VL\u010cIA A PSIA<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>Psy<\/b><\/span> sa vyvinuli z\u00a0vlka a\u00a0ako tak\u00e9 patria k\u00a0<span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>svorkov\u00fdm zvierat\u00e1m<\/b><\/span>, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee maj\u00fa v\u00a0sebe zak\u00f3dovan\u00fa schopnos\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 a\u00a0ch\u00e1pa\u0165 <span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>sign\u00e1ly<\/b><\/span>, ktor\u00e9 im umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa komunik\u00e1ciu. Sign\u00e1ly sa prij\u00edmaj\u00fa prostredn\u00edctvom <i>zmyslov<\/i>. Sign\u00e1lom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdraz tv\u00e1re, \u0161tekot, l\u00edzanie, chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky ako napr. mo\u010d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Pri domestik\u00e1cii psa si \u010dlovek vyberal tak\u00e9 jedince, ktor\u00e9 boli schopn\u00e9 komunik\u00e1cie s\u00a0n\u00edm. Vlky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri komunik\u00e1cii najm\u00e4 vizu\u00e1lne, zrakom zachytite\u013en\u00e9, sign\u00e1ly \u2013 ide o\u00a0poz\u00edcie tela a\u00a0v\u00fdrazy tv\u00e1re. Rovnako je tomu aj pri komunik\u00e1cii medzi psami. \u010clovek v\u0161ak pri komunik\u00e1cii so psom pou\u017e\u00edva najm\u00e4 sign\u00e1ly zvukov\u00e9, no mal by vedie\u0165 \u010d\u00edta\u0165, \u010do mu pes hovor\u00ed svoj\u00edm telom \u010di tv\u00e1rou. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je aj to, \u017ee psy, na rozdiel od svojich vl\u010d\u00edch predkov, pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa omnoho viac \u0161tekot, ktor\u00fd je u\u00a0vlkov zriedkav\u00fd. Ako keby v\u00a0procese zdom\u00e1c\u0148ovania prisp\u00f4sobili svoje spr\u00e1vanie podmienkam, v\u00a0ktor\u00fdch \u017eili, teda hlu\u010dnom prostred\u00ed \u013eudskej civiliz\u00e1cie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Mnoh\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly s\u00fa ritualizovan\u00e9, teda stratili svoj p\u00f4vodn\u00fd zmysel a\u00a0nadobudli ur\u010dit\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Napr\u00edklad pohyby \u0161teniat hlavou hore a\u00a0dole pri h\u013eadan\u00ed bradavky suky sa stali ritualizovan\u00fdm spr\u00e1van\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 priate\u013eskos\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina sign\u00e1lov pri komunik\u00e1cii \u010dloveka a\u00a0psa s\u00fa pr\u00e1ve ritualizovan\u00e9 \u00fakony, ktor\u00e9 nemaj\u00fa s\u00a0p\u00f4vodnou funkciou ni\u010d spolo\u010dn\u00e9 a\u00a0nadobudli nov\u00fd v\u00fdznam.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>Pr\u00edklady komunik\u00e1cie medzi psami:<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-842 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/0tabul\u030cla.png\" alt=\"0tabulla\" width=\"1005\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/0tabul\u030cla.png 1005w, https:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/0tabul\u030cla-300x82.png 300w, https:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/0tabul\u030cla-768x209.png 768w, https:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/0tabul\u030cla-604x165.png 604w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><b>\u0160TRUKT\u00daRA SVORKY<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><b>\u0160trukt\u00fara svorky <\/b><\/span>b\u00fdva komplikovan\u00e1 a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdsledkom zlo\u017eit\u00fdch postupov a\u00a0ritu\u00e1lov. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 svorka je jedine\u010dn\u00e1 a\u00a0nikdy nemo\u017eno hovori\u0165 o\u00a0bezv\u00fdhradne platn\u00fdch pravidl\u00e1ch, no predsa existuj\u00fa ist\u00e9 z\u00e1konitosti, z\u00a0ktor\u00fdch zlo\u017eenie svorky vych\u00e1dza. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Z\u00e1klad vl\u010dej svorky tvor\u00ed oby\u010dajne samec a\u00a0samica a\u00a0vtedy mo\u017eno hovori\u0165 o\u00a0stabilnej, pevnej \u0161trukt\u00fare, v\u00a0ktorej platia jasn\u00e9, vymedzen\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1. Rodi\u010dia tvoria automaticky alfa p\u00e1r (alfa samec a\u00a0alfa samica), ktor\u00fd sa rozmno\u017euje a\u00a0star\u00e1 sa o\u00a0ml\u00e1\u010fat\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 rodn\u00fa svorku zvy\u010dajne v\u00a0roku a\u017e troch op\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u00fa a\u00a0h\u013eadaj\u00fa si svojho partnera, aby zalo\u017eili svoju svorku. V\u00a0r\u00e1mci svorky v\u0161ak m\u00f4\u017ee doch\u00e1dza\u0165 aj ku konfliktom medzi alfa jedincami a\u00a0ich mlad\u0161\u00edmi konkurentmi, oby\u010dajne beta jedincami. Vtedy bu\u010f slab\u0161\u00ed odch\u00e1dza, neraz aj v\u00a0sprievode \u010fal\u0161\u00edch jedincov, alebo m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 aj k\u00a0smrte\u013en\u00e9mu zraneniu pri boji o\u00a0poz\u00edciu vodcu. St\u00e1va sa aj to, \u017ee slab\u00fd jedinec (omega) je zo svorky vyhnan\u00fd, potuluje sa okolo svorky, \u017eiv\u00ed sa len odpadkami a\u00a0zvy\u0161kami a\u00a0nakoniec zvy\u010dajne uhynie. Zriedkavej\u0161ie sa z\u00a0neho st\u00e1va vlk samot\u00e1r, ktor\u00fd sa m\u00f4\u017ee spoji\u0165 s\u00a0in\u00fdm vlkom samot\u00e1rom rovnak\u00e9ho pohlavia, alebo opa\u010dn\u00e9ho pohlavia. V\u00a0druhom pr\u00edpade m\u00f4\u017ee zalo\u017ei\u0165 vlastn\u00fa svorku.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Psy \u017eij\u00fa v\u00a0skupin\u00e1ch podobn\u00fdch vl\u010d\u00edm svork\u00e1m bez vplyvu \u010dloveka iba ojedinele. Ide sn\u00e1\u010f len o pr\u00edpady\u00a0zdiven\u00fdch psov \u017eij\u00facich mimo \u013eudsk\u00fdch os\u00eddlen\u00ed. Zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee psy t\u00falav\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa napr\u00edklad na okrajoch miest, typick\u00e9 svorky nevytv\u00e1raj\u00fa, ako keby boli st\u00e1le naviazan\u00e9 na svoje domovy a\u00a0nedok\u00e1zali vytvori\u0165 samostan\u00fa funk\u010dn\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru.Pes je zviera zdom\u00e1cnen\u00e9 a\u00a0je pre\u0148ho prirodzen\u00e9 \u017ei\u0165 s\u00a0\u010dlovekom. \u010ci u\u017e pes \u017eije v\u00a0\u013eudskej spolo\u010dnosti s\u00e1m, alebo s\u00a0in\u00fdm psom \u010di psami, tak\u00e1to svorka sa riadi in\u00fdmi pravidlami, ne\u017e klasick\u00fd model vl\u010dej svorky, hoci pes si zachoval ist\u00e9 formy spr\u00e1vania, ktor\u00e9 sa prejavuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 v\u00a0pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f \u017eije spolu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia skupina psov (chovy z\u00e1prahov\u00fdch psov, pastierske psy, loveck\u00e9 psy, str\u00e1\u017ene psy). Vtedy sa medzi psami vytv\u00e1ra hierarchick\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara s\u00a0alfa jedincom a\u00a0podriaden\u00fdmi jedincami, no i\u00a0v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade by mal \u010dlovek zosta\u0165 superalfou na vrchole hierarchie, teda jedincom, ktor\u00fd je absol\u00fatne nadriaden\u00fd a\u00a0o\u00a0jeho poz\u00edciu sa nebojuje. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed len od \u010dloveka, ako t\u00fato \u00falohu zvl\u00e1dne.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Hierarchia existuje v\u0161ak aj medzi dvoma psami \u017eij\u00facimi v\u00a0jednej dom\u00e1cnosti. Ak pr\u00edde do dom\u00e1cnosti s\u00a0jedn\u00fdm psom \u0161te\u0148a, \u010di dokonca dospel\u00fd pes, nemo\u017eno o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee prv\u00fd pes bude pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou nov\u00e9ho \u010dlena nad\u0161en\u00fd. Ak \u010dlovek nezaujme spr\u00e1vny postoj a\u00a0neur\u010d\u00ed hierarchiu s\u00e1m (d\u00e1va prednos\u0165 \u201eprv\u00e9mu\u201c psovi pri \u017er\u00e1dle, d\u00e1va mu prednos\u0165 pri nastupovan\u00ed do auta, netlm\u00ed pr\u00edl\u0161n\u00e9 <\/span><span class=\"s2\">prejavy agresivity dospel\u00e9ho psa vo\u010di \u0161e\u0148a\u0165u at\u010f.), m\u00f4\u017ee sa sta\u0165, \u017ee psy sk\u00f4r \u010di nesk\u00f4r vst\u00fapia do konfliktu, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj krvav\u00fd. \u010casto k\u00a0t\u00fdmto konfliktom doch\u00e1dza v\u00a0pr\u00edtomnosti majite\u013ea, ide vlastne o\u00a0konkuren\u010dn\u00fd boj o\u00a0jeho priaze\u0148.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p14\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-250 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/beibira.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/beibira-300x76.png\" alt=\"beibira\" width=\"300\" height=\"76\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Zdroje:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Roger Abrantes: \u0158e\u010d ps\u016f<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">Vladim\u00edr Mikulica: Poznej sv\u00e9ho psa<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"s2\">internet<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AKO TO FUNGUJE V PR\u00cdRODE Svorka je skupina zvierat, ktor\u00e9 sa dr\u017eia z\u00a0r\u00f4znych d\u00f4vodov spolu. Medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi \u010dlenmi svorky b\u00fdva siln\u00e9 puto a\u00a0hierarchia. Cudzinci, hoci aj rovnak\u00e9ho druhu, neb\u00fdvaj\u00fa do svorky prijat\u00ed automaticky, prijatiu predch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ritu\u00e1ly. Svorkov\u00e9 zviera je zviera, ktor\u00e9 \u017eije v\u00a0\u0161trukturovanej skupine pr\u00edsu\u0161n\u00edkov rovnak\u00e9ho druhu. Okrem svorkov\u00fdch zvierat v\u00a0pr\u00edrode e\u0161te rozli\u0161ujeme zvierat\u00e1 typu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":731,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novinky","category-psy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=339"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":849,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/339\/revisions\/849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=339"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=339"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/beibira.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}